# Model time¶

Table 7 gives the command-line options which control PISM time. If option -ys is absent then the start year is read from the input file (if present) or it defaults to zero. The default value for the end year is the start year plus the given (-y) run length. If both -ys and -ye are used then the run length is set to the difference. Using all three of -ys, -y and -ys is not allowed; this generates an error message.

Table 7 Command-line options controlling PISM time
Option Description
-y (years) Number of model years to run.
-ys (years) Model year at which to start the run. Also resets the model time, ignoring any time in the input file.
-ye (years) Model year at which to end the run.

## Calendars¶

Most of PISM, and its ice dynamics core in particular, only needs to know the length of the current time-step. Internally PISM stores time in “seconds since a specified moment” and thus PISM generally does not use or need a calendar. [1] We refer to PISM internal time as model time.

One can select a calendar for more precise control of the model time, however. A “calendar” is a concept that is part of the CF Conventions. Choosing a calendar is appropriate for runs for specific temporal periods like “the 18th-century” or “1989–2010”. The calendar is generally needed because specific knowledge of lengths of months and years is required to use climate data properly or to facilitate model validation.

PISM uses CalCalcs by David W. Pierce to perform calendric computations. This lets us support all the calendars defined by the CF Metadata Conventions document except for the 366_day (all_leap) calendar.

Time units in PISM’s output files always contain a reference date because it is required by the CF metadata conventions.

By default PISM uses the 365_day calendar. This is appropriate for runs that do not require precise application of forcing data or reporting on particular dates (paleo-climate runs, for example). In this mode PISM ignores the reference date in time unit specifications (such as “days since 1969-7-20”), though the value set using time.reference_date configuration parameter is saved in (is passed forward into) output files.

The calendar setting also affects the year length. In particular, with the default choice of the calendar (365_day), -y 10 sets the run duration to

$10 \times 365 \times 24 \times 60 \times 60 = 315360000$

seconds, not $$10 \times 365.25 \times 24 \times 60 \times 60$$ or similar.

Note

This does not affect unit conversion: the factor used to convert $$m/s$$ to $$m/\text{year}$$ does not depend on the calendar choice.

Table 8 Calendars supported by PISM. Please see CalCalcs documentation for details
Keyword Meaning
gregorian or standard Mixed Gregorian/Julian calendar used today.
proleptic_gregorian Gregorian calendar extended to dates before 1582-10-15.
noleap or 365_day Calendar with fixed-length 365-day years
360_day Calendar with fixed-length 360-day years divided into 30-day months
julian Julian calendar
none no calendar

Selecting a non-trivial (Gregorian, Proleptic Gregorian, or Julian) calendar using the time.calendar configuration parameter or the -calendar command-line option enables calendar-based time management; see Table 8. The implications of selecting such a calendar are:

• PISM uses the units attribute of coordinate variables literally (including the reference date) in unit conversions. Please make sure that the time variable in all forcing files has the units attribute such as “days since 2012-1-1”. PISM will stop with an error message if a time variable does not have a reference date in its unit specification.

• It is important to use units that are a fixed multiple of “seconds”, such as “minutes since 1989-1-1” or “days since 1999-12-31” and avoid “months” and “years”. (PISM uses UDUNITS-2 to convert units, and in UDUNITS one month is always interpreted as $$\frac{1}{12}\cdot 365.242198781$$ days.) Please see the CF Conventions document for details.

• PISM uses dates in standard output:

...
time interval (length)   [2012-01-01, 2021-12-31]  (10.000 years)
...
S 2012-05-26:  0.00011    0.6306   0.00000000           0.00000
$v$Eh m (dt=0.10000)
S 2012-07-01:  0.00014    0.6306   0.00000000           0.00000


Just like in the no-calendar mode, run length, run start and run end times are specified using -y, -ys and -ye command-line options, respectively. Arguments of these options are interpreted in a slightly different manner, though:

• the run length option -y takes an integer argument, interpreted as the number of calendar years

• options -ys and -ye take dates as arguments.

For example, either of the following commands sets up a run covering the $$21^{st}$$ century:

pismr -calendar gregorian -ys 2001-1-1 -y 100 ...
pismr -calendar standard -ys 2001-1-1 -ye 2101-1-1 ...


(These option combinations are equivalent.)

It is also possible to run PISM for the duration of the available forcing data using the -time_file option. The command

pismr -calendar gregorian -time_file forcing.nc


will extract the reference date and run length from forcing.nc, respecting time bounds.

When a non-trivial calendar is selected, spatial and scalar time-series can be saved daily, monthly or yearly using these calendric computations. See sections Saving time series of scalar diagnostic quantities and Saving time series of spatially-varying diagnostic quantities.

## Re-starting an interrupted run using -time_file¶

If a run using -time_file gets interrupted but manages to save a backup, re-starting with -time_file will attempt to re-do the entire run because options -y, -ys, and -ye are ignored:

# This run gets killed but leaves backup.nc:
pismr -i input.nc -time_file time.nc -o output.nc
# This WILL NOT start from the time saved in backup.nc
# and continue until the end time in time.nc
pismr -i backup.nc -time_file time.nc -o output.nc


In this case we want to set the start time of the run from backup.nc, but use the end time from time.nc. To achieve this, use the option -time_file_continue_run.

# This run gets killed but leaves backup.nc:
pismr -i input.nc -time_file time.nc -o output.nc
# This WILL continue until the end time in time.nc, starting from backup.nc
pismr -i backup.nc -time_file time.nc -o output.nc -time_file_continue_run


## Diagnostic computations¶

A “diagnostic” computation can be defined as one where the internal state does not evolve. The internal state of PISM is the set of variables read by “-i”. You can ask PISM to do a diagnostic computation by setting the run duration to a small number such as $$0.001$$ years (about $$9$$ hours). The duration to use depends on the modeling setup, but should be smaller than the maximum time-step allowed by PISM’s stability criteria. Such short runs can also be used to look at additional fields corresponding to the current model state.

As an example, consider these two runs:

pisms -y 6000 -o foo.nc
pismr -i foo.nc -y 0.001 -o bar.nc -o_size big


The result of the second (short) run is a NetCDF file bar.nc which contains the full three-dimensional velocity field in the scalar NetCDF variables uvel, vvel, and wvel, as well as many other variables. The file foo.nc does not contain many of these fields because it was written with the default output size of medium. The “-y 0.001” run has diagnostically “filled-in” all the fields which PISM can model at a time step, but the run duration was chosen so as to avoid significant model state evolution during the run.

This diagnostic mode is often associated to the modeling of ice shelves and ice streams. section An SSA flow model for the Ross Ice Shelf in Antarctica describes using a short “diagnostic” run to model the Ross ice shelf [61]. Verification tests I and J, section Verification, are diagnostic calculations using the SSA.

The NetCDF model state saved by PISM at the end of an evolution run (i.e. with “-y Y” for $$Y>0$$) does not, under the default -o_size medium output size, contain the three-dimensional velocity field. Instead, it contains just a few more variables than those which are needed to restart the run with -i. One can force PISM to save all the supported diagnostic quantities at the end of a time-stepping run using the option -o_size big. Or one can go back and do a “-y small_number” diagnostic run using -o_size big.

Footnotes

 [1] Note seconds are part of SI units.

 Previous Up Next